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                                                TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO    TITLE    PAGE

1.0    Introduction to tuberculosis    3

2.0    Types of Pneumonia    4-5

3.0    Causes of Pneumonia    6-7

4.0    Signs and symptoms    8-9

5.0    How is Pneumonia Diagnosed    10-11

6.0    Treatment of Pneumonia    12

7.0    Prevention of Pneumonia    13

8.0    People more likely to get Pneumonia    14

9.0    Conclusions    15

10.0   References    16








 INTRODUCTION TO TUBERCULOSIS
The historic origin of tuberculosis in the human population is unknown. For some time it was assumed that human tuberculosis was derived from bovine tuberculosis in domestic cattle. It may be, however, a disease endemic in some animals rather that a 'crowd' disease sustained only in human hosts. It is now known that tuberculosis is maintained in a variety of wild animal reservoirs. These include buffalo and wild bird populations.
Robert Koch isolated the tubercle bacillus in 1882. The infection is usually airborne. Large numbers of people carry the bacillus. For most people, the infection is a silent, benign event. Read that sentence again. On average, infected people have only a 3 percent chance of developing active disease during their lives and a 1 percent of coming down with lethal disease. With the onset of the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of TB has increased alarmingly amongst persons infected with HIV.
Tuberculosis probably first appeared in the Iron Age. TB is reported to have appeared as isolated cases in Germany and Denmark during the Neolithic. It was not common in Britain until Roman times and became a significant disease burden only in the Middle Ages. How do we know this? TB leaves characteristic traces on the ribs and tends to destroy the bodies of lower (lumbar) vertebrae, producing a characteristic angle in the lower spine.
Years ago, TB was one of the greatest killers of mankind. It has often been called 'the white plague.' In recent times, the TB epidemic really began in Europe about 400 years ago. The last large area to be reached by TB was New Guinea in the 1940s, ironically when effective chemotherapy was developed half way around the world--a triumph of biomedicine.
For a time, the disease was seen in a religious or moralistic manner. People so afflicted 'deserved it as punishment by the Lord.' It was even 'fashionable' amongst writers and the upper classes to have consumption (the term then used for TB). The sallow, thin appearance was even considered beautiful.
By the 1890s, TB had become the peoples' plague, a disease of the masses--lower class poor and immigrants crowded into cities. There was no cure. A variety of strange concoctions were pandered as 'cures'. Many contained opium. With Koch' discovery in 1882, TB now had a microbial basis--a stunning scientific achievement. Also, with a microbe as its cause, there was now something to fight.
Thanks to chemotherapy and public health measures, TB declined in the late 1940s and 1950s. According to figures released by the CDC, TB increased from the mid 1980s until 1992. The number of new cases is again on the decline; the figures released in 1997 are the lowest since the CDC began record keeping in 1992.
Is there a vaccine? Yes and no. Robert Koch himself produced tuberculin which he claimed would cure TB. Sadly, he died in disgrace over its commercial use. Its use faded in the 1920s. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is used as a vaccination in developing countries .








 TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious and lethal disease condition that needs a lot of care and long-term treatment .
Tuberculosis is curable and one needs to remember that at all times. With proper care and management, the disease can be completely cured and the person can go back to leading a normal life.

CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE FOR TUBERCULOSIS .
In conventional medicine, tuberculosis is said to be completely curable if the prescribed medication is taken regularly and on time as prescribed by the physician.
The most effective tuberculosis drug regimen used to treat tuberculosis is as listed below:
•    isoniazid (INH)
•    rifampin
•    pyrazinamide
•    ethambutol
•    streptomycin
Note the prescription of multiple drug medications for tuberculosis treatment. The reason for this being, multiple disease-causing bacteria need to be killed.
It is said that this task of killing all bacteria can be accomplished by taking multiple drugs, or else there are chances that the bacteria might develop resistance to one drug and it could prove ineffective in eradicating the bacteria completely.
This is a problem with many chemical drugs when it comes to killing microorganisms – they tend to be only effective against limited types of microorganisms, for a limited time, before the microorganisms mutate into drug-resistant and stronger strains. This is a limitation of drug tuberculosis treatments, especially in the long run.
Herbal antibiotics, such as garlic, however, work against a wide variety of microorganisms. That is why garlic is often described as a broad-spectrum herbal antibiotic.
Active tuberculosis is highly contagious and patients with active tuberculosis are generally isolated and are treated under strict conditions to prevent the disease from spreading to family, friends, healthcare staff, and other patients in the hospital or healthcare facility.
Bacteria causing tuberculosis are strong and it takes a while for these bacteria to die and this happens through a gradual process. The entire process or tuberculosis treatment might take a minimum of at least six months to effectively kill all the disease-causing bacteria.
Since the symptoms reduce considerably after the initial two or three weeks of treatment, one must never assume that the disease has been cured. Tuberculosis will continue to persist mainly because the disease-causing bacteria continue to live in the patient’s body. They die slowly and for all to die it will take at least six months.
Another important point to bear in mind while being treated for tuberculosis is - never ever discontinue, stop, or miss taking medication on time regularly as prescribed by the physician. This is because once the discontinuity of medication takes place, the power of the drug in the body becomes less and the bacteria will start becoming stronger.
These bacteria actually develop resistance to the drug and the drugs could then prove to be ineffective in treating the disease and killing the bacteria. This will result in the patient needing more powerful drugs which are stronger than the initial ones, and these new and powerful drugs could have serious side effects.
To avoid relapse of the disease with greater intensity, it is important to follow the multiple drug regiment prescribed the physician and prevent things going from bad to worse.




 NATURAL TREATMENT FOR TUBERCULOSIS .
In natural health and healing, we believe in holistic health and healing, as we realize that different parts of the human body are highly interlinked, often beyond Man's understanding. We also believe that the body has the ability to heal itself of any disease, even supposedly incurable diseases.
In order to do so, the body needs the support of some basic dietary and lifestyle good health habits, such as a full body detox and a proper understanding and application of nutrition. No matter how remote or unrelated a health condition may seem, these fundamental health steps will greatly magnify the effects and benefits of any of our health-promoting efforts, including the use of specific natural health remedies.
Using Natural Treatment of Tuberculosis vs Conventional Medicine
Tuberculosis, if not properly managed and treated, can be immediately fatal. We are thus in no position to advise you to forego conventional medical treatment.
Do note that natural health and healing does not advocate the use of chemical drugs. There are almost always safer, natural and effective natural solutions available. Great natural healers, past and present, have used totally natural methods to treat and cure tuberculosis.
A strong and healthy immune system, with the help of potent herbs, will crush any infection in the body.
Useful Tuberculosis Home Remedies and Natural Aids
The most crucial, and extremely important, component of using a natural treatment of tuberculosis is to build the immune system and general immunity of the patient. It is also important to stop the disease from spreading and developing further.
Based on the above, several natural treatment modalities and remedies have been developed in an attempt to treat and reduce some of the symptoms of tuberculosis and also to cure the disease. These treatment mechanisms can be followed along with the treatment protocol that is advised by physicians.
One of the best ways to fight the tuberculosis bacteria is to expose the patient to sunlight. Sunlight and ultraviolet light have the ability to kill the disease-causing bacteria which is extremely important to stop the disease from developing and spreading further.
Sunlight, of course, also benefits health in many other ways, including boosting the immune system. It is thus an integral part of any natural treatment for tuberculosis.
Building the immune system entails living well and eating well. These list of good health habits would provide a good foundation.
Herbal Aids Helping in Treatment for Tuberculosis
Barberry
The scientific name of barberry is Berberis vulgaris.
These berries are found to be extremely effective in resolving tuberculosis symptoms when administered along with the conventional treatment modalities. Administering this treatment is fairly simple - one can include 10 to 15 barberry berries in the patients’ diet on a daily basis.
Barberries contain berberine, which has bactericidal properties and aid in killing the tuberculosis-causing bacteria, thus helping to boost the overall treatment for tuberculosis.
Orange Juice
A glass of freshly-squeezed orange juice with a pinch of salt, a spoonful of honey, and two-three mint leaves, should be mixed and given to the patient. The saline effect in the lungs will reduce expectoration and protect the patient from other secondary infections.
Vitamin C contained in orange juice boosts the immune system and also helps fight the disease-causing bacteria, thus aiding the the treatment for tuberculosis.
Horsetail
The scientific name of horsetail is Equisetum arvense.
Tuberculosis results in reduction in silica content in the bones. Silica helps develop one’s resistance to diseases and hence it is important to restore silica levels in bones.
In order to replenish silica levels, tuberculosis patients can be administered a spoonful of horsetail juice on a daily basis. Horsetail products are available as extracts, powder, capsules, etc, and depending on the chosen product, the dosage can be adequately administered.






 Garlic
Garlic has been found to be effective in treating tuberculosis. In fact, garlic is an amazing antimicrobial herb which works effectively against microbes, harmful organisms, bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses.
This makes garlic a critical part of any tuberculosis home remedy or natural treatment for tuberculosis.
An ideal way to go about preparing the medication would be to boil 30 garlic cloves in 150 ml of milk mixed in 50 ml of water. This entire portion should be boiled until it condenses to 50 ml of concentrated garlic syrup. After filtering, the concentrated syrup free from solid substances should be administered to the patient twice daily.
Do note that a good quality garlic bulb should have 10 to 12 large, white cloves. Garlic bulbs with many small or yellowish cloves are probably of inferior quality. For best effect, use garlic that is organic and raw.
Herbal Tea
Licorice root tea prepared with only licorice roots or with other herbs like sage and chamomile in equal quantities can prove very effective in soothing throat pain and providing relief from persistent coughing in patients suffering from tuberculosis. All these herbs are effective in treating respiratory conditions.
Propolis
Another useful supplement in a treatment for tuberculosis is propolis, which has also been found to be extremely effective in treating pulmonary tuberculosis.
Propolis is a substance used by honeybees to coat their hives in order to keep the hive warm and to prevent possible attacks from other animals and insects. It has been established that alcohol extracts of propolis is found to be rich in bactericidal material which helps kill tuberculosis-causing bacteria.
Another important feature of propolis is its ability to act as a nonspecific immunostimulator. It was found that when propolis was included in the form of alcohol solution to an immunizing agent, it showed marked improvement in immune response. Propolis was effective in increasing the immunity building properties of immunizing agents. This property is also extremely useful in treating patients with tuberculosis.
Mint Juice
Mint is another useful supplement in a treatment for tuberculosis.
A glass of fresh mint juice mixed with 150 ml of carrot juice, two spoons of honey and malt vinegar is found to be very beneficial to patients suffering from tuberculosis.
The juice can be administered thrice everyday since it dissolves the sputum, cleanses and nourishes the lungs, develops immunity thereby resisting further infection, and acts as a detoxifying agent and cleanses the body of all the powerful anti-tuberculosis drug side effects.
Pineapple Juice
Pineapple juice is considered to be one of the best treatment remedies for patients suffering from tuberculosis. Pineapple juice with freshly ground pepper and a dash of salt and honey can be administered to patients once everyday. This is found to be extremely helpful in dissolving mucus.
American ginseng
It has been suggested that, after consulting a pediatrician or physician, children suffering from tuberculosis can be administered American ginseng three times a day.
Ginseng contains minerals and nutrients that help build immunity and increase the body’s resistance to other infections and diseases.
Vitamin Supplements
An effective and serious method of building immunity in patients suffering from tuberculosis is to administer vitamin supplements. This is another potentially very useful part of a treatment for tuberculosis.
Vitamin supplements also have a bactericidal effect which is important for TB patients. Recommended vitamin supplements include vitamin C, B vitamins, including vitamin B6, vitamin A, and beta carotenes. These supplements should be continued till the patient is disease-free to effectively replenish lost energy resources in the body.
Natural Treatment for Tuberculosis – Conclusion
In addition to all of the above, persons suffering from tuberculosis need to get a lot of exposure to sunshine, nutritious food, some exercise, and should drink plenty of water to help in the detoxification process.





 GARLIC.
Health Effects of Garlic
Garlic has long been used medicinally, most recently for its cardiovascular, antineoplastic, and antimicrobial properties. Sulfur compounds, including allicin, appear to be the active components in the root bulb of the garlic plant. Studies show significant but modest lipid-lowering effects and antiplatelet activity. Significant blood pressure reduction is not consistently noted. There is some evidence for antineoplastic activity and insufficient evidence for clinical antimicrobial activity. Side effects generally are mild and uncommon. Garlic appears to have no effect on drug metabolism, but patients taking anticoagulants should be cautious. It seems prudent to stop taking high dosages of garlic seven to 10 days before surgery because garlic can prolong bleeding time.
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used for thousands of years for medicinal purposes. Sanskrit records show its medicinal used about 5,000 years ago, and it has been used for at least 3,000 years in Chinese medicine. The Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans used garlic for healing purposes. In 1858, Pasteur noted garlic’s antibacterial activity, and it was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II.
Historically, garlic has been used around the world to treat many conditions, including hypertension, infections, and snakebites, and some cultures have used it to ward off evil spirits. Currently, garlic is used for reducing cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk, as well as for its antineoplastic and antimicrobial properties.1
Pharmacology
The root bulb of the garlic plant is used medicinally. It can be used fresh, dehydrated, or as a steam-distilled oil.
Garlic has a high concentration of sulfur-containing compounds. The thiosulfinates, including allicin, appear to be the active substances in garlic. Allicin is formed when alliin, a sulfur-containing amino acid, comes into contact with the enzyme alliinase when raw garlic is chopped, crushed, or chewed. Dried garlic preparations containing alliin and alliinase must be enteric coated to be effective because stomach acid inhibits alliinase. Because alliinase also is deactivated by heat, cooked garlic is less powerful medicinally. The antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antithrombotic effects that have been attributed to garlic are thought to be related to allicin and other breakdown products. The antineoplastic effects may be related to the sulfur compounds or to other, unknown components.


Uses and Efficacy
Garlic has been studied extensively in vitro, in animal and human clinical trials, and in epidemiologic evaluations for its multiple medicinal properties. The quality of human trials has been variable, making comparisons among the trials difficult. Some trials are not well blinded; some are only of short duration; some have only small numbers of patients; and many are not well controlled. In addition, many different garlic preparations have been used, with unpredictable release of active ingredients.

LIPID-LOWERING EFFECTS
Many randomized clinical trials have studied the effects of garlic on lipid levels. Results from two meta-analyses conducted in 1993 and 1994 of garlic’s effect on total cholesterol show a significant reduction in total cholesterol levels (9 to 12 percent) compared with placebo. Since then, additional, better-designed trials have been published, with conflicting results. A meta-analysis published in 2000 that included these trials concluded that garlic is superior to placebo in reducing total cholesterol levels, but that the extent of the effect is modest (4 to 6 percent). A more recent meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials using standardized dried garlic powder showed significant reductions in total cholesterol levels (19.2 mg per dL [0.50 mmol per L]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (6.7 mg per dL [0.20 mmol per L]) and triglyceride levels (21.1 mg per dL [0.24 mmol per L]) at eight to 12 weeks; these reductions were not sustained at six months of treatment. This difference in reduction may be due to differences in the studies (i.e., shorter or longer follow-up periods, fewer long-term studies, time-dependent effects of garlic, or nonadherence in the studies of longer duration).
A European trial comparing garlic with a commercial lipid-lowering drug (bezafibrate, a fibric acid derivative not available in the United States) found them to be equally effective in decreasing lipids to a statistically significant extent. One trial of garlic extract treatment in children with hypercholesterolemia found no adverse effects, but also no significant beneficial effect on lipid levels. A trial testing garlic’s effect on lipid levels, sponsored by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, is underway.

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECTS
The antihypertensive effects of garlic have been studied but remain controversial. In a 1994 meta-analysis assessing the effect of garlic on hypertension, three trials showed significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (7.7 mm Hg greater reduction), and four trials showed reductions in diastolic blood pressure (5 mm Hg greater reduction) with garlic treatment compared with placebo. In a more recent meta-analysis, 23 placebo-controlled trials were analyzed. Only three trials showed a statistically significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (2 to 7 percent), and one showed a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (approximately 3 percent) in patients treated with garlic compared with placebo.

OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED EFFECTS
A recent review of 10 trials assessing the effect of garlic on thrombotic risk showed modest but significant decreases in platelet aggregation with garlic compared with placebo, but mixed results on fibrinolytic activity and plasma viscosity were reported. The same review analyzed 12 trials of garlic supplementation in diabetic and nondiabetic adults; only one trial showed a significant decrease in glucose levels in nondiabetic patients who took garlic when compared with placebo. Atherosclerotic plaque volume reduction in humans also has been noted in two trials comparing garlic treatment with placebo. One observational study showed that regular garlic powder intake weakened age- and pressure-related increases in aortic stiffness.

ANTINEOPLASTIC EFFECTS
Epidemiologic evidence, primarily from case-control and some cohort studies, has shown a decreased risk of stomach and colon cancer with the high consumption of garlic and other allium vegetables (e.g., onions, leeks, shallots, chives), but many of these studies were not well controlled. In one cohort study, garlic supplementation did not confer the same protective benefit, but there are no studies assessing the use of particular garlic supplements and cancer incidence.

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS
Small studies have shown that garlic exerts antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Topical and dietary garlic traditionally has been used in the treatment of infections—particularly digestive, respiratory, and dermatologic infections—ranging from diarrhea and vaginitis to colds and warts, but few good clinical studies support this use.

Contraindications, Adverse Effects, Interactions
The ingestion of one to two cloves of raw garlic per day is considered safe in adults. The most common side effect of ingested garlic is breath and body odor. Consumption of excessive amounts of raw garlic, especially on an empty stomach, can cause gastrointestinal upset, flatulence, and changes in the intestinal flora. There have been reports of allergic dermatitis, burns, and blisters from topical application of raw garlic.
Garlic appears to have no effect on drug metabolism, although recent studies in healthy volunteers show conflicting results related to garlic’s effect on protease inhibitor pharmacokinetics. It has been suggested that patients taking anticoagulants use caution when taking garlic because of its antithrombotic properties. It seems prudent to stop taking high dosages of garlic seven to 10 days before surgery because garlic can prolong bleeding time and has been associated (in one case report) with spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma.

Dosage
The effective dosage of garlic has not been determined. Dosages generally recommended in the literature for adults are 4 g (one to two cloves) of raw garlic per day, one 300-mg dried garlic powder tablet (standardized to 1.3 percent alliin or 0.6 percent allicin yield) two to three times per day, or 7.2 g of aged garlic extract per day.

Final Comment
Large, long-term, fully blinded, and well-controlled studies using a standardized preparation of garlic with known active components are necessary. They will allow reliable evaluation of garlic’s effect on cardiovascular risk and, more important, on the end points of heart attack and stroke.
A diet rich in allium vegetables seems to be a good choice with low-risk antineoplastic potential, and good taste as a beneficial side effect.



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